什么是乔托

Giotto (di Bondone)

首位义大利伟大的画家，活跃於佛罗伦斯。曾在阿西西、罗马、帕多瓦、佛罗伦斯和那不勒斯等地为礼拜堂和教堂绘画。他在罗马的作品包括了圣彼得大教堂入口处，已经大量重作的镶嵌画《基督在水上行走》，和一幅原为圣彼得大教堂所绘的祭坛画，现存梵谛冈博物馆。在帕多瓦，他的《最後的审判》壁画装饰了阿雷那小礼拜堂的西墙，小礼拜堂其他墙面则绘满了关於圣母和耶稣基督的生平的壁画。後来他为佛罗伦斯的克罗齐教堂的四座小礼拜堂绘壁画，有两座保存至今。1334年乔托被任命为佛罗伦斯主教座堂的建设监察官。他设计的钟塔在他去世後被改建。《荣耀圣母》（1305年～1310）被认为是他绘的最重要的画板画。乔托在世时享有很高的声望。他打破拜占庭艺术的不具人格的形式化风格；引进自然主义和人性，三维空间及三维形式，他被推崇为欧洲绘画之父。其後，义大利的绘画被其学生及门徒支配，着名的有加迪、奥尔卡尼亚和洛伦采蒂兄弟。

约1267～1337年

Giotto (di Bondone)

First of the great Italian painters, active in Florence. He decorated chapels and churches in Assisi, Rome, Padua, Florence, and Naples with frescoes and panel paintings. His works in Rome include the heavily restored mosaic of Christ Walking on the Water over the entrance to St. Peter's Basilica and an altarpiece from St. Peter's, now in the Vatican Museum. In Padua, his fresco of the Last Judgment decorates the western wall of the Arena Chapel, and the rest of the chapel is covered with his narrative frescoes featuring scenes from the lives of the Virgin Mary and Christ. Later in his career he executed frescoes in four chapels in the church of Santa Croce in Florence, two of which survive. In 1334 he was appointed surveyor of Florence Cathedral; his design for the campanile was altered after his death. The most important extant panel painting attributed to him is The Madonna in Glory (c. 1305-10). He achieved great fame in his lifetime. For breaking with the impersonal stylizations of Byzantine art and introducing new ideals of naturalism and humanity, three-dimensional space and three-dimensional form, he is considered the father of European painting. The course of Italian painting was dominated by his students and followers, notably Taddeo Gaddi, Andrea Orcagna, and Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti.