什么是圣马丁
San Martín, José de
阿根廷民族英雄，领导了阿根廷人民反对西班牙（1812）、智利（1818）和秘鲁（1821）的外来统治的斗争。其父为职业军人、殖民地管辖者。他在西班牙接受教育，起先为西班牙国王效力，曾与摩尔人（1791）、英国人（1798）、葡萄牙人（1801）作战。但1812年他回到南美後，开始投身那里的革命运动。解放利马的战役是他领导的最重要的战役，利马的解放使阿根廷的独立得到保证。这次战役中，他大胆地采用跨过安地斯山脉的战略计画，率领军队完成了艰难的跋涉，取得了战争的胜利。1817年他解放了智利并将其移交给沃伊金斯，其後他率领舰队驶向秘鲁，封锁那里的主要港口，使保皇军被迫撤退。随後他率领军队进入利马并宣告秘鲁独立，但他并没有足够强大的军队击垮其内部的保皇党人。1818年他与玻利瓦尔会面，他们之间发生的事情不为世人所知，其後不久圣马丁便流亡法国，由波利瓦尔完成解放秘鲁的事业。
1778～1850年
San Martín, José de
National hero of Argentina who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821). Son of a professional soldier and colonial administrator, he was educated in Spain. Initially he fought loyally for Spain against the Moors (1791), the British (1798), and the Portuguese (1801), but in 1812 he returned to the New World to help the revolutionaries. His greatest campaign was the liberation of Lima, without which the independence of the Argentine provinces could not have been secured. His bold strategy was to lead an army over the Andes, a daunting undertaking. In 1817 he liberated Chile, which he turned over to Bernardo O'Higgins, and proceeded to Peru by ship, where he blockaded the chief port until the royalists withdrew. He then entered Lima and declared the independence of Peru, though he lacked adequate forces to subdue the royalists in the interior. The following year he met with Simon Bolivar; what passed between them is unknown, but San Martín soon afterward went into exile in France, leaving Bolívar to complete the liberation of Peru.
