什么是波尔

Pole, Reginald

英格兰天主教高级教士。亨利七世之表亲。1521～1527年被亨利八世派往义大利学习，并在教会中任低等公职。他反对亨利的反教廷政策，写作了《维护教会的统一》（1536）以维护教宗的精神权威。後来担任枢机主教，教宗保禄三世派他去策动欧洲信奉天主教的君主共同反对英王亨利。这些行为激怒了亨利，他处死了波尔的兄弟蒙塔古勳爵（1538）和母亲索尔斯伯利伯爵夫人玛格丽特（1541）。1541年波尔任教宗驻圣彼得区长官，後来担任使节主持了特伦托会议。1553年信奉天主教的玛丽.都铎即英格兰王位（称玛丽一世）後，他被任命为驻英格兰使节，波尔在那里进行教会改革并对女王产生了重大的影响。1556年被任命为坎特伯里大主教，但是罗马教宗与英格兰盟国西班牙之间的斗争使得教宗削夺了波尔的权力并宣布他为异教徒。受到玛丽女王去世的沈重打击，他在女王死後十二小时也去世。

1500～1558年

Pole, Reginald

English Catholic prelate. A cousin of Henry VII, Pole was sent by Henry VIII to study in Italy (1521-27) and given minor offices in the church. Critical of Henry's antipapal policies, he wrote In Defense of Ecclesiastical Unity (1536) to defend the pope's spiritual authority. As cardinal, he was sent by Pope Paul III on missions to persuade Catholic monarchs to depose Henry. These efforts angered Henry, who executed Pole's brother, Lord Montague (1538), and his mother, Margaret, countess of Salisbury (1541). Pole was named papal governor of the Patrimony of St. Peter and later was presiding legate at the Council of Trent. When the Catholic Mary Tudor became queen as Mary I in 1553, he was appointed legate for England, where he instituted church reforms and was a strong influence on the queen. He was appointed archbishop of Canterbury (1556), but a conflict between the papacy and England's ally Spain caused the pope to cancel Pole's authority and declare him a heretic. Demoralized, he died 12 hours after the death of Queen Mary.