什么是左拉
Zola, émile (-édouard-Charles-Antoine)
法国小说家、评论家和自然主义文学奠基人。父亲死後，陷於贫困的境地。1862年进出版社工作。1864年出版了他的第一部短篇小说集。1867年，首次把科学理论付诸实践（从科学的哲学观点去全面解释人生，从纯物质的角度去看待人的行为和表现），发表了《黛莱丝.拉甘》。1871年开始发表《鲁贡玛卡家族》，《鲁贡玛卡家族》是二十部小说的小说集，是拿破仑三世上台到1870年普法战争法国在色当失败这段时期法国生活各个方面的写照。1877年，研究酗酒後果的《酒店》问世，左拉一举成名，从此踏上成功之路。其他重要的有《娜娜》（1880）、《萌芽》（1885）和《衣冠禽兽》（1890）等。身为自然主义运动的创立者，左拉出版了几篇论文来阐释自己的艺术理论，包括《实验小说》（1880）。1898年介入德雷福斯事件在报中发表公开信，揭露法国总参谋部陷害德雷福斯的阴谋，左拉在巴黎死於煤气中毒（有说他为政敌所害，但终因无根据而作罢）。
1840～1902年
Zola, émile (-édouard-Charles-Antoine)
French novelist and critic, the founder of naturalism in literature. Raised in straitened circumstances, Zola worked at a Paris publishing house for several years during the 1860s while establishing himself as a writer. In the gruesome novel Thérèse Raquin (1867), he put his “scientific” theories of the determination of character by heredity and environment into practice for the first time. In 1870 he began the ambitious project for which he is best known, the Rougon-Macquart Cycle (1871-93), a sequence of 20 novels documenting French life through the lives of the violent Rougon family and the passive Macquarts. It includes L'assommoir (1877), a study of alcoholism that is among his most successful and popular novels; Nana (1880); Germinal (1885), his masterpiece; and La bête humaine (1890). Among his other works are two shorter novel cycles and treatises explaining his theories on art, including The Experimental Novel (1880). He is also notable for his involvement in the Alfred Dreyfus affair, especially for his open letter, J'Accuse (1898), denouncing the French army general staff. He died under suspicious circumstances, overcome by carbon-monoxide fumes in his sleep.
