什么是戴高乐

de Gaulle, Charles (-André-Marie-Joseph)

法国军人、政治人物和法兰西第五共和（Fifth Republic）的创建者。1913年加入军队，在第一次世界大战时表现优异。1925年被提拔为最高作战会议参谋。1940年晋升中校，短暂出任雷诺（Paul Reynaud）政府的陆军部副部长。在法国被德国占领後，他前往英国，开展自由法国（Free French）运动。他致力於解放法国的复国大业，1943年把自由法国总部从伦敦移到阿尔及尔，就任法国民族解放委员会（French Committee of National Liberation）主席（最初与吉罗〔Henri Honore Giraud〕同任主席）。巴黎解放後，他返抵国门，接连两届担任临时政府首脑，1946年辞职。他反对第四共和（Fourth Republic），1947年发起法国人民联盟（Rally of the French People〔RPF〕）的群众运动，但在1953年断绝与它的联系。他退出政治舞台後，开始撰写回忆录。1958年5月阿尔及尔爆发动乱，有引起法国内战的危险，於是他再度复出。6月1日就任总理，拥有权力修改宪法。12月21日当选为法国新的第五共和总统，成为一个强势的总统。他结束了阿尔及利亚战争（Algerian War），并让非洲领地独立为十二个国家。他让法国退出北大西洋公约组织，在越战时，政策保持中立，但看得出有很多地方反对美国主义。他开始缓和与铁幕国家的关系，并周游各地，与法语系国家广泛结盟。1968年5月爆发学生和工人运动引起内政不安後，1969年4月举行一次宪法修正案公投时，结果失败，他辞职下台。

1890～1970年

de Gaulle, Charles (-André-Marie-Joseph)

French soldier, statesman, and architect of France's Fifth Republic. He joined the army in 1913 and fought with distinction in World War I. He was promoted to the staff of the supreme war council in 1925. In 1940 he was promoted to brigadier general and served briefly as undersecretary of state for defense under Paul Reynaud. After the fall of France to the Germans, he left for England and started the Free French movement. Devoted to France and dedicated to its liberation, he moved to Algiers in 1943 and became president of the French Committee of National Liberation, at first jointly with Henri Honore Giraud. After the liberation of Paris, he returned and headed two provisional governments, then resigned in 1946. He opposed the Fourth Republic, and in 1947 he formed the Rally of the French People (RPF), but severed his connections with it in 1953. He retired from public life and wrote his memoirs. When an insurrection in Algeria threatened to bring civil war to France, he returned to power in 1958, as prime minister with powers to reform the constitution. That same year he was elected president of the new Fifth Republic, which ensured a strong presidency. He ended the Algerian War and transformed France's African territories into 12 independent states. He withdrew France from NATO, and his policy of neutrality during the Vietnam War was seen by many as anti-Americanism. He began a policy of détente with Iron Curtain countries and traveled widely to form a bond with French-speaking countries. After the civil unrest of May 1968 by students and workers, he was defeated in a referendum on constitutional amendments and resigned in 1969.